![]() Video Tutorial: Vivid Neon Chrome Text Effect in Photoshop You’ll learn how to combine different stock images together using adjustment layers, masking and brushes, make an underwater environment, enhance color, create lighting effect and more. In this Photoshop tutorial, I’ll show you how to create a surreal underwater scene featuring a woman with head of fish and boat. Create Surreal Underwater Scene in Photoshop – Featuring a “Fish-Head” Lady It will not only give you a professional result, but also the chance to change the parameters after doing the effect to use it as many times as you want without having to make the whole thing over again. While some methods are time consuming, there are others that are quick like the one I will show you today. Thanks to Photoshop, accomplishing that 90s look is achieveable. Since the 90s are back in trend, many artists want to recreate that 90s look on their projects. ![]() How to Make a Retro 90’s Photo Effect in Photoshop We’ll focus on rendering a fox tail in grayscale, using custom brushes and the Smudge Tool to create both soft and coarse fur, and using Blending Modes to add color and warmth to the rendered piece. In this fur tutorial for Photoshop, we’ll create a small set of custom brushes from scratch and learn how to render animal fur with them. How to Create Custom Brushes to Render Fur in Adobe Photoshop Usually, illustrations like this would be created by hand with pen and paper, but it takes some artistic skills to be able to plan and craft the image with no ‘undo’ button! This digital technique makes use of ready-made graphics, fonts, and textures to achieve the hand-made look, but with the added benefit of being able to tweak and adjust the layout until it looks just right. This popular art style combines a silhouette graphic and a quote that is distorted and manipulated to fit within the outline of the surrounding shape. ![]() How to Create Lettering Illustrations the Easy Way! This tutorial is suitable for intermediate skill Photoshop users. In this tutorial, you will learn how to create “Rage Planet” photo manipulation in Photoshop. Create “Rage Planet” Photo Manipulation in Photoshop You will be learning how to create Viking portrait art in Photoshop using snow overlays and quick lighting techniques! Vikings have always captured artists’ imaginations, but thanks to popular Norse lore and culture being incorporated into things like comics and superhero movies, they are more popular than ever. How to Create Viking Portrait Art in Photoshop To finish off the artwork, we’ll apply some vintage print effects and make use of my Washed and Worn textures to make the digital design look like a real old T-shirt print. This kind of artwork is really popular as T-shirt graphics, so I’ll show you how to set up your document at the appropriate size for a T-shirt design. ![]() Photoshop tutorial will show you how to easily create cool looking vintage logo designs by combining antique illustrations with some visually interesting text styles and layouts. How to Create a Vintage Logo T-Shirt Design in Photoshop ![]() Lucky for us, Photoshop has all the tools we need to make almost any texture we can think of, including corrugated cardboard textures! Here’s a quick tutorial on how you can create that perfect corrugated cardboard texture in Photoshop. Then there are those times that we think we found the right one but then learn that it doesn’t match the size or color that we’re looking for. Sometimes we spend so much time trying to figure out what right texture would apply to a design project that we have. How to Make a Perfectly Corrugated Cardboard Texture Acess to a huge libary of design resources from Photoshop brushes to vector resources. ![]()
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![]() ![]() For more details, you can see our full changelog here. This update revamps our Click Latency test and results in changes to test results. We've converted this review to Test Bench 1.1. It looks and feels exactly the same, which fans will enjoy, but it snips the cord without compromising performance. We've updated the text to reflect our new results in various sections, including the Click Latency test box, Usages, Introduction, and other locations where we discuss click latency. Logitech has released a wireless version of the G502 called the G502 Lightspeed. We've updated this review to Test Bench 1.1, which revamped our click latency test methodology. For more details, you can see our complete changelog here. This update simplifies our Weight test and expands on our CPI test from Test Bench 1.1, resulting in changes to test results in both sections. We've converted this review to Test Bench 1.2. We've added a small disclaimer to the Compatible Software Option section which highlights some of the most commonly reported issues users online have encountered with Logitech's G HUB companion software. For more information, you can check out our full changelog here. G502 X Corded with impressive weight reduction down to 89 grams. This update adds a new Sensor Latency test and makes minor changes to several of our existing tests, resulting in test result changes in several sections. G502 X LIGHTSPEED Updated LIGHTSPEED protocol with 68 fasterresponse rate. We've converted this review to Test Bench 1.3. We've added a link to the newly-reviewed ROCCAT Kone XP Air in the Style section of this review.Īdded a comparison to the recently reviewed Razer Basilisk V3 Pro. We've added a link to the newly-reviewed Logitech G502 X PLUS in the Wireless Versatility section of this review. Buy any G502 X or PRO Series mouse and get a FREE mouse pouch. Featuring our first-ever LIGHTFORCE hybrid optical-mechanical switches and updated LIGHTSPEED wireless protocol with 68 faster response rate than the previous generation. For more details, you can see our full changelog here. White G502 X LIGHTSPEED is the latest addition to legendary G502 lineage. We've moved several minor tests into different test groups, removed the Travel usage, and added a new Raw Performance usage. This update modifies our Hand Size Recommendation test, adding a more granular hand size recommendation chart. Buy any G502 X or PRO Series Mouse and get a FREE mouse Pouch (4 colours to choose from)Worth 12.99. Reinvented with our first-ever LIGHTFORCE hybrid switches, LIGHTSPEED pro-grade wireless, LIGHTSYNC RGB, HERO 25K sensor, and more. Gi ây, G502 gia nhp hàng ng nhng con chut chi game không dây tiên. Chut Logitech G502 là mt biu tng, ng u các bng xp hng qua mi th h và là la chn chut máy tính không dây cho nhng game th nghiêm túc. The V3 Pro also uses optical switches in the left- and right-click buttons that eliminate any double-clicking issues. We've converted this review to Test Bench 1.4. G502 X PLUS is the latest addition to legendary G502 lineage. Chut gaming Logitech G502 Hero Lightspeed Wireless. The Logitech G502 LIGHTSPEED and the Razer Basilisk V3 Pro are both wireless multi-genre gaming mice, but the V3 Pro has better gaming performance thanks to its extremely low click latency. ![]() ![]() Feature Support Configuration Single sign-on connection authentication can be enabled for each individual server. This option requires an updated Pritunl server and Pritunl client. This will always provide a higher level of security. The token can be passed to the original domain by a redirect and used by the authentication domain and any other domains to identify the user. Pritunl provides multiple options for multi-factor authentication. This token is passed to the client, but because it is signed, it cannot be modified in any way by the client. When you register and pay for Proton VPN, you will be charged the moment you register. The way a session is shared may differ between SSO protocols, but the general concept is the same.įor example, the authentication domain may generate a signed JSON Web Token (JWT) (encrypted using JSON Web Encryption (JWE)), which contains all the information needed to identify the user for any other domain requiring authentication. To do this, log in to using your Proton username and password ( details here) and go to Downloads OpenVPN configuration files. With SSO, a central domain performs authentication and then shares the session with other domains. Identity Provider (IdP) session, if the user chose to log in through an Identity Provider (such as Google, Facebook, or an enterprise SAML Identity Provider) Using Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML), your users can use their Google Cloud credentials to sign in to enterprise-cloud applications. Local session maintained by the applicationĪuthorization Server session, if SSO is enabled There may be up to three different sessions for a user with SSO: Single Sign-on and Single Logout are possible through the use of sessions. If the user is already logged in at the authentication domain, they can be immediately redirected to the original domain without signing in again. Whenever users go to a domain that requires authentication, they are redirected to the authentication domain where they may be asked to log in. Instead of having to remember separate sets of credentials for each application or service, users can simply log in once and access your full suite of applications. SSO provides a seamless experience for users when using your applications and services. Likewise, if you log out of your Gmail or other Google apps, you are automatically logged out of all the apps this is known as Single Logout. The user signs in only one time, hence the name of the feature (Single Sign-on).įor example, if you log in to a Google service such as Gmail, you are automatically authenticated to YouTube, AdSense, Google Analytics, and other Google apps. Single Sign-on (SSO) occurs when a user logs in to one application and is then signed in to other applications automatically, regardless of the platform, technology, or domain the user is using. ![]() ![]() ![]() But it is still impressive that such a control scheme was already baked into these classic games long before it was popularised by other first-person shooters (albeit it, those that followed provided the control scheme on one controller). Given that Goldeneye and Perfect Dark were released in an age before YouTube and social media, it is understandable that this flew under the radar for many players at the time (no doubt it was mentioned in the corner of an article in a Nintendo magazine at some point). Was this before any dual stick controllers were on the market? /wlqdBJ3ROo Who used controller settings 2.0 in Goldeneye? Always intregued by this unique solution but never adopted it myself. While the controllers are perfectly weighted and balanced in your hands, you’re still wielding two full-sized controllers, something which usually wouldn’t be recommended. If you’re thinking that it looks a bit awkward then, well, you’re probably right. Here is the dual analog control scheme in Goldeneye:Īnd here is the dual analog control scheme in Perfect Dark: But, for those with two N64 controllers, there is the option to play Perfect Dark and Goldeneye with dual analog sticks without mods. Yup, it only has one analog stick (I double-checked, to be sure). I’m probably not the only one, given that the N64 controller looked like this: This is a playthrough of the mission Carrington Institute Defense (mission 7) of Perfect Dark in Agent Difficulty(easy). I spent months, if not years, playing them on my original N64 console as a kid, and have poured even more hours into them as an adult via emulation and the Xbox port of the original Perfect Dark ( Goldeneye holds up surprisingly well today, if you were wondering).ĭespite having poured a huge chunk of my life into these two titles, I had absolutely no idea that you could play them with dual analog sticks. ![]() This software is replacing Macro Toolworks and Perfect Keyboard products – read more.I couldn’t even hazard a guess at the hours I’ve poured into the N64 classics that are Perfect Park and Goldeneye. Creating keyboard macros and mouse clicker macros has never been simpler.ĭownload Macro Commander for free and unlock a new level of productivity today. Whether you prefer manual macro creation using the feature-rich macro editor with syntax highlighting or opt for the convenience of the integrated smart macro recorder, Macro Commander provides you with unparalleled ease of use. Additionally, sensitive content can be protected with password security, ensuring that your valuable information remains secure. This hierarchical structure supports configuration inheritance, making it easy to manage and maintain your macros efficiently. Stay organized with Macro Commander’s intuitive interface, which conveniently organizes macros into hierarchical groups. ![]() You can even record web macros to automate your online activities. Macro Commander goes beyond the limitations of Windows native applications by seamlessly integrating with web browsers, allowing you to automate web pages and web applications. Take full control of your computer’s display and leverage a wide range of resources at your disposal. Manipulate and utilize files, folders, images, text, clipboard, network resources, web pages, and applications such as Word, Excel, and Excel macros. Say goodbye to manual data entry and let Macro Commander handle the repetitive data entry jobs for you.Įxperience the versatility of Macro Commander as it offers a comprehensive set of 300 built-in commands that enable you to perform variety of tasks. With Macro Commander, you can activate macros using hotkeys, text shortcuts, or mouse clicks, allowing you to insert text, paragraphs, images, or any other data into any application with ease. This all-in-one solution empowers users to effortlessly create, manage, and activate macros and scripts in order to make manual repetitive tasks automated, fast, and error free. Streamline your workflow with Macro Commander, a powerful Windows desktop automation software designed to eliminate repetitive and complex tasks. ![]() ![]() ![]() ^ "Granblue Fantasy: Relink delayed to 2023".^ "Granblue Fantasy: Relink adds PC version latest details and teaser trailer".Archived from the original on 5 February 2019. Here’s a new, two-minute teaser trailer for CyGames’ promising upcoming action RPG Granblue Fantasy: Relink. "Granblue Fantasy: Relink development moved to Cygames entirely, Platinum Games no longer involved". Granblue Fantasy Relink a is an upcoming action role-playing game developed and published by Cygames for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 as part of the. Just a quick reminder for all of you RPG fans out there: we're supposed to be getting an update on Granblue Fantasy: Relink this month. ^ Romano, Sal (15 December 2018), Granblue Fantasy Project Re:Link officially titled Granblue Fantasy: Relink, new trailer and gameplay, archived from the original on 8 April 2019, retrieved 15 December 2018.^ "Granblue Fantasy Project Re: Link Has 4-Player Multiplayer And AI Partners For Single Player",, archived from the original on 7 September 2018, retrieved 10 September 2018.^ "PS4 Exclusive Granblue Fantasy Project Re: Link's First Gameplay Revealed Looks Absolutely Amazing",, archived from the original on 14 August 2018, retrieved 10 September 2018.^ Romano, Sal (), Granblue Fantasy Project Re: Link follows the story of a new Skydom, archived from the original on 3 October 2017, retrieved 10 September 2018.^ "Granblue Fantasy Project Re: Link By Cygames And Platinum Games Announced For PS4 In 2018", www.siliconera,, archived from the original on 11 September 2018, retrieved 10 September 2018.^ Romano, Sal (21 August 2016), Cygames and Platinum Games announce action RPG Granblue Fantasy Project Re: Link, archived from the original on 1 March 2020, retrieved 22 March 2023. ![]() Originally scheduled to be released in 2022, the game was delayed to 2023. In February 2019, PlatinumGames was no longer involved in the project, leaving Cygames to handle the rest of development. Its official title, Granblue Fantasy: Relink, was revealed in December 2018. Director Tetsuya Fukuhara described some gameplay details - the game includes four person co-operative multiplayer, or, single person play with three AI characters. The first public gameplay was shown at GranBlue Fes 2017. The game is set in the same fictional realm as the original Granblue Fantasy but takes place in a different location, although some characters from the original game will appear. PlayStation 4 was announced as the target platform. Some of the game's staff include composers Nobuo Uematsu and Tsutomu Narita, and artist Hideo Minaba. ![]() Granblue Fantasy: Relink was announced under the title of Granblue Fantasy Project Re: Link in August 2016, to be developed by a collaboration between PlatinumGames and Cygames. It is scheduled to be released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, and Windows in late 2023. In this video Ill be talking about the newly announced release date in 2023 and Ill be sharing some thoughts about t. Granblue Fantasy: Relink is an upcoming action role-playing game by Cygames as part of the Granblue Fantasy franchise. ![]() ![]() ![]() Pricey – It’s almost $400, which is cheaper than some of the really powerful blenders, but still not cheap.No smaller containers – You must use the 64-ounce container for everything, even the smallest batches.Radial cooling fan and thermal protection system – Ensures your safety and that your blender cannot overheat.Tamper included – Slide through the lid of your blender and quickly deal with annoying clumps and stubborn ingredients.Huge 64-ounce container – Make large batches at once if you’re making food for a baby.Stainless steel blades – Breaking down food into a fine puree is tough on a blender so you really need stainless steel blades that won’t wear down over time!.Unlike the Nutribullet and Blendtec models, this blender boasts the ability to heat up cold ingredients with the friction of its blades alone! The 5200 is also on our list of the best frozen fruit smoothie blenders! This one comes with stainless steel blades which makes it a top blender for pureeing food Compared to the Vitamix Quiet One and the Vitamix 5201, this one is cheap and still a strong enough blender for crushing ice. The same, large container is used for every recipe, which can seem confusing when considering the price of this blender. Though this blender can be used for near enough anything, there is only one container. Then add soapy water when you’re done, switch it on to have it cleaned and ready to use all over again. You can manually control the speed of your blades to achieve the desired texture by simply twisting the dial to choose your setting. This blender is guaranteed by Vitamix to last.Ĭheck out our full write-up for more info: Vitamix 5200 review With a fast, high-performance motor and hard stainless steel blades, this blender can certainly handle tough ingredients and puree them into a pulp. We explain why Vitamix is so expensive in another post. It’s more durable and will likely last longer than the #1 pick, but it’s twice the cost. ![]() It’s our runner-up contender only because of the higher price tag. This Vitamix blender has a 64-ounce container and many impressive features – though this is reflected in the price tag. Does not lock to base – Important to hold the blender down at a high speed.Tamper included – Prevent ingredients from getting stuck and clumped together.Versatile – Can make pureed food, hot soup, smoothies, and frozen drinks!. ![]() Quiet – This blender is quieter than competitors!.Powerful and heavy-duty – Gets the job done without damage.Holding the container into place while blending prevents it from coming loose. Though this blender does reach high speeds due to its powerful motor base, unlike its competitors it may require some help. Use it to blend hummus, make margaritas, or frozen fruit smoothies.Ĭompared to the Ninja and NutriBullet, this blender has a much more powerful motor base to successfully grind food into a smooth puree. When you aren’t pureeing food, you can use this blender to do just about anything! It’s incredibly versatile. You can rest assured that this blender is durable and long-lasting, and will be able to make super smooth pureed food for a long time. The large container allows you to make a big batch to use all week. ![]() Blending ice and frozen mixes with ease, you will never have to worry about large chunks in your food again. Our #1 blender for pureeing food is the commercial blender from Cleanblend, which boasts an extremely powerful 1800 watt base and an 8 point stainless steel blade. It can hold a whopping 72 oz which is great if you’re trying to meal prep. If you’re tight on funds, but need a new blender–this is our go to option. This is the best blender for pureeing food on the market! It’s powerful, holds 64oz, and is affordable for most people.
![]() Related: Learn How to Become a Voice Actor 3. Even if you don’t have experience, you can still apply for audiobook narration for beginners. Find narrator jobs that interest you on the platform. Follow the directions to recording and submitting your audio recordings and get paid to narrate books. An audiobook narrator is referred to as an audiobook producer. If you narrate for Audible, you are essentially getting paid to read books aloud on Amazon.Ĭhoose the narrator gigs you want on the ACX marketplace, owned by Audible. The company partners with narrators on a freelance basis. Audible allows users to stream audiobooks and other content that requires vocals. Get paid to read books for Audible, a company owned by Amazon. Narrators are sought after for things like movies, shows, or audiobooks. Companies actually recruit and hire for this position. The most obvious way to get paid to narrate books is by searching for audiobook narrator jobs online. Answer surveys and polls (quick cash in minutes!).Shop at your favorite stores (up to 10% back).If you're not already a member, give it a shot! Here are five things you can do to make easy money on the site: One of my favorite sites, Swagbucks, offers tons of ways to earn real cash online. You may be pleasantly surprised to learn of the ways listed here and how they can help you make more money. You just have to get a little creative.įind the way that works best for you in this guide to make money through narration. There is no wrong way to get paid to narrate books. The best part is that there are several ways you can narrate whether that be for clients, on your own platforms, and through actual jobs. Take advantage of your love for reading and learn how you can monetize it. It’s not every day you get an opportunity to do something you love and pad your wallet at the same time. If you love reading, then consider the different ways to get paid to narrate books. ![]() Test your daubing skills and become a big winner today!īingo Cash™ is FREE to download and play! However, cash tournaments are not available in the following states: AZ, IA, LA, SC & WA. Win up to $83 per game and experience the classic bingo thrill in the comfort of your own home. ![]() Try Bingo Cash, the ultimate bingo app for turning your skills into extra cash while enjoying colorful and engaging head-to-head matches. ![]() ![]() Share your experience using these apps in the comment section below. Apowersoft Background Eraser is the most recommended app among these tools because of its versatility and clear results. These are some of the best apps to fix blurry pictures that you may install on both Android and iOS. Allow users to add different filters to your photo.The editing process of this app is an extra manual so you have to carefully adjust the brightness and saturation of every part of the photo. This photo editor can enhance photo quality at once. The last app that you may have on your mobile phone is Blur Photo. All-over blur that render your photos all-over fuzzy.It offers hundreds of filters and effects.Alongside this app to unblur pictures life will be easier. On the other hand, the background blur feature has its custom way to blur and unblur your photo. Also, it has awesome photo effects and filters that you can use freely. This useful app will enable you to manually adjust the photo as per your creativity and make it clearer. If you are not satisfied with the image deblurring result, you can turn to some third-party image editor apps. When you want to unblur a photo on your portable iOS or Android device, you can first try using the built-in sharpen feature in the Photos app or Google Photos. Need to purchase after the trial periodĪdjust your images to create a more vivid color with Picverse Unblur Photo Editor. How to Unblur an Image on iPhone and Android Phone.However, to have a clear and precise photo you need to have the full subject and must be clearly visible. Indeed, AI Photo Enhance is the best app to unblur photos. Certainly, you can clear and sharpen your photos with the use of its AI tech which can detect the blurry subject on the photo. It provides more AI-related image processing functions.Īnother tool that you can have is AI Photo Enhance.Enhance photo and video automatically with AI tech To change the contrast and brightness of a video and make a video clearer online all you need is Flixier, a powerful video editor that doesnt require any.Likewise, if you have photos with very low resolution, you don’t need to worry because the photos will get enhanced into a high-quality resolution. Remini is very efficient in enhancing the quality of old and damaged photos. You need to subscribe after the trial periodįor all the Android users out there, Remini is one of the best apps to fix blurry pictures.Equip with a color pallete to enhance brightness.After that, you can recreate and save your work in high resolution with the help of VSCO. Above all, you can adjust the contrast and saturation to make your pictures clear and have a smooth texture. This app has a simple interface, you just have to upload your blurry picture and manually edit it. ![]() VSCO is another versatile app to unblur pictures in an instant. Moreover, this app got a lot of tools that are very useful in making your photo a masterpiece. With its feature called “Blurry Portraits Cleaner,” it can automatically enhance the darker and blurry part of your photo. Best Apps to Unblur Photos Apowersoft Background Eraserīlur Photo Apowersoft Background Eraser – best app to unblur photosĪpowersoft Background Eraser is known for its ability not only in photo background editing but also in transforming your photos in high quality. ![]() ![]() The game's sprawling cave system and intricate puzzles ignited the imagination of industry pioneers like Roberta Williams, leading to the birth of the world's first graphic computer game, Mystery House. Originally developed in the mid-1970s as a text-adventure game, Colossal Cave has enchanted generations of gamers and challenged their problem-solving prowess. For the first time ever, Xbox users can embark on a journey that marries retro-cool with magical adventure, exploring the enigmatic and fantastical world of Colossal Cave, brimming with secret treasures, mystical creatures, and riddles to confound even the wisest sage. SEATTLE, Washington - Cygnus Entertainment, a boutique studio helmed by industry legends Ken and Roberta Williams, proudly announces the launch of the legendary Colossal Cave game on Xbox One and Series X|S. Legendary Designer Roberta Williams Revives the Spirit of Classic Adventures with the Xbox Launch of Colossal Cave Disabling this cookie will disable the ordering option.Journey Through the History of Gaming: The Legendary Colossal Cave Adventure Now Reborn on Xbox! Cookie which measures only the acceptance of our terms and services. Disabling this cookie will disable the ordering option. ![]() ![]() ![]() This cookie doesn't save any personal Data about any shop client.Ĭookie which measures only the acceptance of our terms and services. Deactivating this cookie would stop permitting the orders. This provides, and keeps the products inside your shopping cart. This cookie doesn't save any personal Data about any shop client. If cookie is disabled you'll see the site in the original language. Cookie we use to offer you the possibility to switch the language of our contents. If disabled the store default currency will be shown.Ĭookie we use to offer you the possibility to switch the language of our contents. Cookie which makes possible to choose the currency you would like. If disabled the store default currency will be shown. NameĬookie which makes possible to choose the currency you would like. The website cannot function properly without these cookies. Necessary cookies help make a website usable by enabling basic functions like page navigation and access to secure areas of the website. Mechanism: Hand Management Creators Designer: Arthur O'Dwyer Type/Theme: Adventure, Fantasy, Video Game Theme Depending on the number of players and their willingness to stymie each other from the beginning, a game can last anywhere from 20 to 90 minutes. ![]() The winner is the first player to deposit three treasures in the Well House. After you play a treasure, you must get it safely back to the surface, where you can deposit it in the Well House. For example, the Rare Coins are not playable anywhere except in the Hall of the Mountain King. Cards represent items, treasures, actions, and "reactions" you're generally not allowed to play an item or treasure card unless your player token is in a specific room on the map. The basic game mechanism is "draw one, play one" there is also a game board depicting a simplified map of the cave (14 rooms). But beware! Some who enter are never seen again.Ĭolossal Cave: The Board Game is an adaptation of the classic text adventure "Colossal Cave Adventure". Somewhere nearby is Colossal Cave, where it is rumored that others have found fortunes in treasure and gold. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() heat engine or heat pump) exchanging heat with external thermal reservoirs and undergoing a thermodynamic cycle, the following inequality holds. Note: Thermodynamically, all naturally occurring spontaneous reactions are irreversible. So to compute "the" enthalpy $H$ of say $\ce$! So if those two things are equal, and one of them is a state function, then the other one must be a state function too! So $\Delta H$ is also a state function. So can we say in other words that: 'state variable' is something that we take as independent variable, while 'state function' is something that depends on previously selected 'state variables' where this dependence is given in the equation of state for the particular thermodynamic system. Entropy is a state function because it depends only on the arrangement (as a statistical average) of the constituents of the system at the given values of the thermodynamic variables (T,P,V etc), not how the arrangement was obtained. The Clausius theorem (1855), also known as the Clausius inequality, states that for a thermodynamic system (e.g. Entropy is a state function since it depends not only on the start and end states, but also on the entropy change between two states, which is integrating tiny entropy change along a reversible route. ![]() 5.3: Unlike heat, Entropy is a State Function is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated. When a gas expands into a vacuum, its entropy increases because the increased volume allows for greater atomic or molecular disorder. Clearly entropy is a state function while qrev q r e v is not. As with any other state function, the change in entropy is defined as the difference between the entropies of the final and initial states: S S f S i. More broadly we define a spontaneous process as one that occurs in the. Both paths had the same change in entropy. Like enthalpy, entropy is a thermodynamic term that is also a state function. We could also a standard state where all the atoms in a sample are separated into pure chemical elements. We took two different paths to get start and end at the same points. We could say the standard state is one where all electrons and all protons and neutrons are infinitely separated.but that's possibly only useful for nuclear chemistry. For example, the standard state might be all electrons and all nuclei infinitely separated from each other (this standard is commonly used in quantum chemistry).īut we could also specify other standard states. Entropy is a state function whose magnitude depends only on the. This is as far as you can deduce using thermodynamics of an ideal gas only.) For a non-ideal gas, the. S Nk ln VTcv N S N k ln V T c v N ( cv c v is the specific heat of the gas at constant volume, and is a gas-dependent constant. So really even in defining $H$, there is some built-in standard state that you are comparing the state of interest to. Entropy is defined as a quantitative measure of disorder or randomness in a system. PV NkT P V N k T (which makes F(P, V, T) PV NkT F ( P, V, T) P V N k T ) and. To define topological entropy in the approximation approach, it suffices to replace the 2-norm defined by the invariant state by the. Everyone agrees $H$ is a state function, but energy (and thus enthalpy) has no built in zero-scale. If the process in question is irreversible, then computing $\int \delta Q/T$ will yield a result which is strictly less than $\Delta S$.I generally agree with DavePhD's answer but I also want to give the opposite view (!). afrykman 12 years ago The integral was just the mathematical way to write the heat, Q, in terms of the volume, V, because that's what he had the proof in terms of from the last video. Thermodynamicists know that and have adopted a specific tactic. The proof offered by Clausius is based on the assumption 'A general cycle can be divided into small Carnot cycles' which is almost obviously wrong. Put differently, given any two states $1$ and $2$, the entropy difference can be computed by finding any reversible process which takes $1$ to $2$ and calculating $\int_1^2 \delta Q/T$ for that process. Yet the premise 'Entropy is a state function' has no serious justification. I think the way you write the two conditions may be misleading. ![]() |
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